• Basics: aseptic techniques, titrations, sterilization, making stock solutions and equipment care. • Chromatography techniques: paper, column, and TLC. • DNA fingerprinting: Restriction enzyme digestion, PCR (RAPD, RFLP, RT PCR). • Gel Electrophoresis for DNA and protein including SDS PAGE. • Serology: ELISA, Lectin agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation and fluorescent antibodies. • Protein, DNA, RNA : isolation and estimation. • Blotting Techniques: Colony Hybridization, Western and Southern. • Making DNA Probe, FISH. • Gene cloning, DNA amplification, modification and Analysis. • Recombinant DNA techniques for plants, yeast and bacterial cells. • Fermentation techniques & design , • Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Cell Cultures: characterization, titre, isolation, storage and sub culturing. • Plant Tissue culture techniques. • Bioinformatics using scientific software. • Dissection of vertebrates and invertebrates. • Microscopy - Light, phase contrast, dark phase, fluorescence and electron. • Permanent slide preparation and staining • Spectrophotometry - UV, Fluorescence, and Mass. • Centrifugation and Ultra centrifugation techniques. • Antibiotic assays and microbial growth analysis. • Mutation techniques: UV and gradient plate. • Water and Wastewater analysis: Fecal Coliform test, MPN method, BOD, COD. • Fermented products: Yeast count, Production, Organoleptic analysis. • RT-PCR and mRNA expression analysis of putative virulence genes. • Sampling and microbial counts from surfaces and foods; anaerobic culture methods. • Diagnostic testing using selective, differential, and enriched media.